Abstract: Contamination of pesticides in the environment has attracted public attention, especially with respect to food safety. As the world's largest producer and consumer of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), the occurrence of OPPs in China's environment is particularly emphasized. OPPs that remain in surface water, soil, and living organisms may enter the human body through mouth, skin contact, respiration, etc, and bring about health risks. It is important to understand the occurrence of OPPs in major rivers, lakes,soils, and organism in China and conduct risk assessment. This review summarized the occurrence, detection rate, and distribution characteristics of major OPPs in water bodies, soils, and organisms in the Chinese environment, and assessed health risks through US RBCA health risk assessment model and RQ quotient method for aquatic ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the five highest levels of OPPs were dichlorvos, dimethoate, parathion, malathion, and methyl parathion in Chinese surface waters, OPPs concentrations ranged from ND to 30180 ng·L-1. OPPs levels in northern China were higher than the south. OPPs risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk value (HQ) of OPPs in surface water, soil, and vegetables were 7.25×10-5-6.93×10-1, 9.56×10-7-5.30×10-2, and 1.08×10-2-7.01×10-1. None of them yet exceeded the safety standards of 1 and would not have significant adverse effects on human health. The carcinogenic risk value (R) of dichlorvos in surface water ranged from 2.86×10-8 to 6.25×10-6, within the safety value range of 10-5 to 10-6. Comparing the HQ values of surface water, soil and vegetables, residual OPPs in vegetables had a greater exposure to human health than surface water and soil.OPPs in aquatic ecology are at high risk for Opossum Shrimp and Water Flea, value(RQ) >1.